Journal of Planner and Development
type: channel
description: Journal of Planner and Development (JPD) is a peer-reviewed, open access academic journal published by the Center of Urban and Regional Planning for Postgraduate Studies , University of Baghdad. Established in 1995, the journal provides a scholarly platform for research in urban and regional planning, urban design, sustainable development, environmental planning, spatial analysis, geoinformatics, planning technologies, urban systems, and socio-spatial development. Journal Profile Manuscript Types and Scholarly Contribution JPD publishes Original Research Articles and Review Articles that present clear scholarly contributions to planning theory, planning methodology, spatial decision-making, urban policy, environmental sustainability, governance, built environment studies, and planning practice. Publishing Frequency The journal is currently published three times per year on a triannual basis. The publication frequency of JPD has developed over time in line with the journal’s editorial growth, the increasing volume and diversity of scholarly submissions, and the need to ensure more timely dissemination of accepted research. Earlier volumes were published according to the publication schedule approved at the time, which commonly included two issues per year, with possible special or supplementary issues where applicable. Beginning with Volume 28 (2023), the journal adopted a regular triannual publication schedule, with three issues per year. Differences in the number of issues across previous years reflect the journal’s documented publication history and approved editorial development, not missing or incomplete archive content. All previously published volumes and issues remain part of the official scholarly archive of JPD and retain their bibliographic and academic status. For more information, please visit: About the Journal, Aims and Scope, and Current and Archived Issues.
publisher: Center of Urban and Regional Planning for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad
language: en
publication name: Journal of Planner and Development
issn: 1996-983X
items: Analysis of the Spatial Reconfiguration of Urban Squares through Movement Network Analysis (Space Syntax): A Case Study of Al-Nisour Square
items: Housing cost analysis in housing projects A comparative study between the Al-Mukhtar and Al-Sultan complexes in Najaf
items: The Effects of Social Fabric on Urban Security: A Case Study of Baghdad After 2003
items: International Experiences in Agritourism and Their Role in Rural Development
items: Digital Transformation in Urban Transport Network Design: Baghdad Street in Najaf city as a Model
items: Sustainable residential complex planning: Analysis of contemporary experiences and extraction of indicators
items: Urban Experiments in the Topology of Traffic Flows and Land Uses
items: Archaeological Site Governance as an Entry Point for Enhancing Sustainable Tourism Development in the City of Samarra
items: The Role of the Master Plan in Controlling Urban Growth: A Planning Vision
items: The Role of Urban Context in Promoting Heritage Tourism
items: Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty Using Geographic Information Systems (Gis): Case Study of some Neighborhoods in the City of Hilla
items: The Role of Smart Platforms and Applications in the Work of Smart Cities: Case studies from Barcelona, Singapore and Dubai
items: Measuring Developmental Disparities and Their Impact on Achieving Balanced Spatial Development in the Districts of Baghdad Governorate
items: Spatial Development Strategy and Its Role in Promoting Growth in Poor Regions
items: The Role of Urban Resilience in Enhancing Land Use Efficiency in Urban City Centers, Case Study

Analysis of the Spatial Reconfiguration of Urban Squares through Movement Network Analysis (Space Syntax): A Case Study of Al-Nisour Square
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Morphological transformations, Urban squares, Spatial structure, Urban movement network, Space Syntax, Al-Nisour Square, Baghdad Contemporary cities face rapid morphological transformations driven by transportation infrastructure expansion, particularly bridges and tunnels aimed at improving traffic efficiency. These interventions often fragment urban open spaces, especially squares serving as central nodes in the urban movement network. Al-Nisour Square in Baghdad exemplifies this, having been transformed from a horizontally integrated urban space into a multi-level traffic system, weakening its role in supporting movement and social interaction.The study hypothesizes that infrastructure-driven morphological restructuring disrupts spatial configuration, leading to declining integration, reduced intelligibility, and a shift in movement centrality from ground level to elevated infrastructure. The research aims to analyze these transformations and measure changes in movement centrality within the urban network.A quantitative approach based on Space Syntax was adopted. The pre-transformation axial model was reconstructed using Google Earth imagery and redrawn in AutoCAD, while the current model was developed by separating ground level, bridge, and tunnel layers. Connectivity, Integration, Choice, and Intelligibility indicators were applied.Results reveal a clear shift in movement centrality toward bridges and tunnels, accompanied by declining ground-level integration. The study recommends balancing traffic efficiency with spatial structure preservation, reactivating the ground level, and enhancing its integration within the broader urban network.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Morphological transformations
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban squares
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban movement network
  topic: keywords
subject: Space Syntax
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Nisour Square
  topic: keywords
subject: Baghdad
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor K. Yousif
creator: Mostafa A. Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Noor K. Yousif, Mostafa A. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 196
ending page: 210

Housing cost analysis in housing projects A comparative study between the Al-Mukhtar and Al-Sultan complexes in Najaf
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Housing Cost, Housing Projects, Housing Quality, Housing Pattern, Residential Density, Urban Location This research analyzes housing costs in organized housing projects as a multidimensional system that extends beyond the direct financial aspect to include spatial, service, and construction dimensions that collectively influence individuals' housing decisions. The research adopts a theoretical framework based on urban literature, urban housing market theories, spatial structure, and spatial rent theory to derive four key housing cost indicators: housing type, housing quality, connection to service networks, and housing density. This research applied this framework to a comparative study between the Al-Mukhtar and Al-Sultan housing complexes in Najaf Governorate, through spatial analysis, field surveys, and questionnaires administered to residents and experts. The results showed a clear difference in the actual cost of housing between the two complexes, primarily due to differences in urban location, construction quality, variety of housing options, energy performance levels, and varying levels of density and occupancy. The study revealed that the high cost of housing in some projects is not solely related to the initial unit price, but is also directly affected by long-term operating costs, construction quality, and the efficiency of service connections. The findings also emphasized the importance of adopting comprehensive planning indicators when evaluating housing projects, which contributes to improving individual housing decisions and enhancing the efficiency of future urban planning.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Housing Cost
  topic: keywords
subject: Housing Projects
  topic: keywords
subject: Housing Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Housing Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Residential Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Location
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Jawad
creator: Zahraa Imad Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Jawad, Zahraa Imad Hussain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 188
ending page: 195

The Effects of Social Fabric on Urban Security: A Case Study of Baghdad After 2003
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Social fabric, urban security, urban planning, public spaces, Baghdad city This research examines the relationship between social fabric and urban planning and their impact on urban security in Baghdad after 2003. It addresses the weak integration of the social dimension in urban planning despite the focus on physical aspects, affecting social interaction and the sense of safety. The research assumes that stronger social fabric is associated with more efficient urban planning and that improved spatial characteristics enhances social cohesion and reduces security vulnerability. It aims to analyze this relationship through social, spatial, and security indicators. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using a case study of Baghdad. Data was collected through an electronic questionnaire administered to a random sample of 68 respondents and analyzed using SPSS, in addition to spatial analysis of urban maps. The results showed moderate social fabric indicators, while fear-related areas were associated with low activity and poor lighting. The study concluded that higher levels of social interaction and trust are linked to improved urban security, confirming the joint role of urban planning and social fabric in enhancing urban security. It recommends prioritizing areas with low perceived nighttime safety (2.96) through improved lighting, activation of public spaces, and more equitable service distribution.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social fabric
  topic: keywords
subject: urban security
  topic: keywords
subject: urban planning
  topic: keywords
subject: public spaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Baghdad city
  topic: keywords
creator: Alhareth Fadhel Hawi
creator: Abbas Hashem Sahn
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alhareth Fadhel Hawi, Abbas Hashem Sahn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 180
ending page: 187

International Experiences in Agritourism and Their Role in Rural Development
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Agritourism, Rural Development, Global Experiences in Agritourism Agritourism is a fundamental pillar within the development pathways of global tourism. Hence, its importance has become evident, and it is considered a strategy for rural development on economic, social, cultural, and environmental levels. The research problem lies in highlighting indicators from global experiences and how these experiences of agritourism have contributed to the development of rural areas. The study aimed to reveal the approaches taken by these countries in this field and to derive practical indicators for rural development based on scientific literature. The methodology adopted by the study was descriptive-analytical. This study addressed the concepts of agritourism and rural development, and demonstrated the importance of agritourism and the activities practiced within agritourism farms. It also examined global experiences in agritourism. The results showed that the study arrived at some scientific indicators for the development of rural areas. The study demonstrated the role of agritourism in the economic development of rural areas as an important source of income for rural families. The study emphasized the participation of local communities in the planning and implementation process and pointed to the role of agritourism in preserving cultural identity and empowering women. The study recommended developing strategies to develop agricultural tourism, paying attention to cultural identity, reviving rural heritage, developing infrastructure to provide tourist attractions, and focusing on media promotion to make it a commercial destination and tourist destination.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agritourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Experiences in Agritourism
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullah Ali Ubaid Muslih
creator: Areaj Khariy Alrawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Ali Ubaid Muslih, Areaj Khariy Alrawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 167
ending page: 179

Digital Transformation in Urban Transport Network Design: Baghdad Street in Najaf city as a Model
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Digital Transformation, Urban Transportation Networks, Intelligent Transportation, Urban Design, Traffic Performance This paper aims to study the impact of digital transformation on the design of urban transportation networks, applying it to Baghdad Street in the holy city of Najaf. The street represents a vital traffic hub that suffers from frequent congestion and a lack of modern management systems, especially given the population density and influx of visitors during religious occasions. The study was based on the hypothesis that integrating digital technologies such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can improve traffic efficiency, reduce travel times, and enhance traffic safety. The traffic situation was analyzed using field data and a detailed traffic survey, and a new cross-section of the street was designed that functionally integrates these technologies. The results showed a significant improvement in street performance, with travel time reduced by 32%, the accident rate decreased, and user satisfaction with the transportation environment increased. The research recommended the gradual implementation of the proposed design, linking it to a digital traffic control center, and launching the "Najaf Navigate" app to serve citizens and visitors. The study also recommended the possibility of expanding the experience to other urban streets.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Transportation Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligent Transportation
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Hashim Al-ameedee
creator: Nada Khaleefah Alrikabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Hashim Al-ameedee, Nada Khaleefah Alrikabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 157
ending page: 166

Sustainable residential complex planning: Analysis of contemporary experiences and extraction of indicators
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Sustainable Urban Development, Residential Complex Planning, Smart Residential Complexes, Environmental Sustainability, Urban Housing, Energy Efficiency, Spatial Justice Sustainable residential complex planning has become an important approach for achieve sustainable urban development in contemporary cities. However, despite the growing global interest in this field, local studies in Iraq still focus mainly on design or environmental aspects without providing an integrative framework that links planning and management within a clear institutional and legislative context. In addition, the absence of locally adapted indicators for evaluating the sustainability of residential complexes has limited the ability to assess the actual performance of these projects. Therefore, the research problem lies in the lack of a sustainable planning and management framework based on measurable indicators that can be applied within the local urban context. The research assumes that sustainable planning for residential complexes depends on the relationship between the diversity of planning indicators and the degree of their comprehensiveness and integration. Based on this assumption, the study aims to analyze contemporary residential complex experiences and extract the main planning indicators that contribute to achieving sustainable residential development. The findings indicate that the integration of spatial, environmental, urban, social, and economic indicators plays a significant role in improving the sustainability performance of residential complexes. The study concludes that adopting an integrated framework based on these indicators can support more effective planning strategies for sustainable residential developments.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable Urban Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Residential Complex Planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Residential Complexes
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Housing
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Elaf Ahmed Abed
creator: Hussein Ahmed Al-Shadidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elaf Ahmed Abed, Hussein Ahmed Al-Shadidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 147
ending page: 156

Urban Experiments in the Topology of Traffic Flows and Land Uses
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Topology, Traffic Flows, Land Uses, Space Syntax The relationship between city's spatial structure and its social and mobility functions is a complex issue in contemporary urban planning, particularly given the lack of an integrated understanding that explains the dynamic interaction between movement flows and land-use patterns within a clear topological framework. This research aims to analyze the topology of movement flows and explore their interactive relationship with land-use patterns, based on the hypothesis that there is a significant positive correlation between the degree of centrality of the topological movement network and the density and diversity of commercial and service uses in high-access urban areas. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, beginning with the development of a theoretical framework for urban topology and the city as a flow system. Topological analysis tools, such as integration, connectivity, and spatial depth indices, were used to measure accessibility efficiency and analyze the attractiveness of urban sites for different land uses. The research findings revealed that the spatial configuration of the urban fabric acts as a natural driver of movement flows, with high-density uses tending to concentrate along the most topologically integrated axes. It also demonstrated that contemporary urban interventions, such as bridges and traffic diversions, contribute to reshaping the economic and social landscapes of surrounding areas. The research concludes by presenting a locally adaptable analytical knowledge framework, along with a set of practical recommendations, to support decision-makers and planners in employing the topological approach to improve the efficiency of the urban fabric and enhance the sustainability of urban environments.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Topology
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic Flows
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Uses
  topic: keywords
subject: Space Syntax
  topic: keywords
creator: Hawraa Faleh Jaber
creator: Nada Mohammed Abid Al-Hayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hawraa Faleh Jaber, Nada Mohammed Abid Al-Hayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 138
ending page: 146

Archaeological Site Governance as an Entry Point for Enhancing Sustainable Tourism Development in the City of Samarra
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Governance, Archaeological Sites, Sustainable Tourism Development, Cultural Identity, Community Participation, City of Samarra This research aims to examine the role of archaeological site governance in enhancing sustainable tourism development, taking the city of Samarra as an applied case study. Samarra was selected due to its high historical and archaeological significance, which is counterbalanced by administrative and organizational challenges that affect the sustainability of its tourism sector. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach through a questionnaire administered to two samples: residents of Samarra and experts specialized in planning, archaeology, and tourism, with the objective of evaluating the status of indicators related to governance and sustainable tourism development. The study encompasses a set of key indicators, including economic indicators, cultural and civilizational identity indicators, environmental indicators, administrative and governance indicators, in addition to community participation indicators. The results of the residents’ sample revealed a relatively positive tendency toward economic indicators and a neutral tendency toward cultural identity and environmental indicators, while governance and community participation indicators recorded negative trends. In contrast, the experts’ sample showed an overall negative tendency across all indicators, reflecting a clear gap between community perception and specialized professional assessment. The study concludes that the weak implementation of governance principles represents the main factor hindering the achievement of sustainable tourism development in the archaeological sites of Samarra, despite the availability of significant cultural and tourism potentials. The study recommends strengthening the governance framework, activating community participation, and adopting an integrated strategic vision that contributes to employing a…
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Archaeological Sites
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Tourism Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: City of Samarra
  topic: keywords
creator: Nazik Median Al-Musawi
creator: Suaad Jaber Lafta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nazik Median Al-Musawi, Suaad Jaber Lafta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 132
ending page: 137

The Role of the Master Plan in Controlling Urban Growth: A Planning Vision
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: City, Master Plan, Land Use, Urbanization, Urban Growth, Dynamics of Change Amiriyat Al-Sumoud city in Anbar Governorate represents experienced unbalanced urban growth, leaving clear impacts in the form of accelerated land-use transformations within a defined master plan boundary. The research problem is embodied in the emergence of uncontrolled urban growth occurring within the limits of the master plan itself. The study assumes that deficiencies in the implementation of the master plan and its insufficient activation constitute the main factors behind this imbalance. The study aims to adopt a spatio-temporal approach that reveals where the city complied with the plan’s directives and where it deviated from them. To achieve this, the study relies on a descriptive methodology through reviewing and analyzing the literature related to the conceptual structure of the master plan and deconstructing its relationship with urban growth, in addition to a comparative analytical method between two time periods using satellite imagery. The results are compared with the most recent master plan to determine the extent to which actual urban growth conforms to the master plan. The study concludes that there are implementation gaps within the planned area that are reflected in land-use changes not limited to the text of the plan itself, but rather associated with weak activation and application mechanisms. This situation has allowed uncontrolled growth to occur within the master plan boundary. Accordingly, the study recommends reorganizing spatial monitoring tools, updating phased implementation programs, and aligning urban development standards with the dynamics of actual demand, in order to guide urban growth toward a more balanced and sustainable trajectory.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: City
  topic: keywords
subject: Master Plan
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Use
  topic: keywords
subject: Urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamics of Change
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Amer Shaker
creator: Nada Mohammed Abid Al-Hayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Amer Shaker, Nada Mohammed Abid Al-Hayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 123
ending page: 131

The Role of Urban Context in Promoting Heritage Tourism
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Urban Context, Heritage Tourism, Historic Centers, Visual Identity, Sustainability This research focuses on studying the role of the urban context in promoting and revitalizing heritage tourism, through analyzing its morphological elements and explaining how these components affect the attractiveness of heritage sites and the tourist experience. The research problem can be defined as the lack of clarity regarding the components of the urban context in heritage tourism, and the research hypothesis is based on revitalizing the components of the urban context in heritage tourism, which directly contributes to increasing its attractiveness. The research relied on a descriptive approach and analytical approach supported by a comparison of selected case studies from the cities of Fez (Morocco) and George Town (Malaysia). It also drew on a review of previous basic literature on heritage tourism and the urban context. The study concluded that the urban context is a crucial and essential element in shaping the tourist experience and enhancing the cultural identity of the place, and that the success of heritage tourism is limited by the effectiveness of the management and organization of the urban fabric, traditional local functions, and popular cultural events within an organized and sustainable framework.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban Context
  topic: keywords
subject: Heritage Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Historic Centers
  topic: keywords
subject: Visual Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Usama Sajid. Al-Mayyah
creator: Nadia A. Al-Salam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Usama Sajid. Al-Mayyah, Nadia A. Al-Salam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 114
ending page: 122

Spatial Analysis of Urban Poverty Using Geographic Information Systems (Gis): Case Study of some Neighborhoods in the City of Hilla
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Urban Poverty, Spatial Analysis, GIS, Al-Hilla City, Spatial Justice This research aims to spatially analyze urban poverty in the city of Al-Hilla using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as an effective tool for understanding social and economic disparities at the neighborhood level. A spatial database covering ten urban districts was developed, based on composite indicators such as average income, illiteracy rate, unemployment, residential overcrowding, and access to basic services. Spatial analyses were conducted using ArcGIS tools including Buffer Analysis, Hot Spot, and Kernel Density, in addition to measuring distances to the nearest health services. The results revealed clear spatial variation in poverty distribution, with high poverty levels concentrated in peripheral neighborhoods such as Al-Nile and Al-Mahdiya, while central districts like Al-Jam'iya and Al-Muhandiseen showed lower poverty levels. The study concludes that GIS contributes significantly to more targeted development policies and supports the achievement of spatial justice. The research recommends integrating spatial analysis into local planning and establishing up-to-date urban databases for monitoring and geographically targeting poverty.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Hilla City
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Kawther Hasen Ali
creator: Dalia Ayad Aboud
creator: Olaa Dawood Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kawther Hasen Ali, Dalia Ayad Aboud, Olaa Dawood Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 107
ending page: 113

The Role of Smart Platforms and Applications in the Work of Smart Cities: Case studies from Barcelona, Singapore and Dubai
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Smart Cities, digital infrastructure, Information and Communications Technology, Smart Applications, Data Management Platforms, Urban Management The world is now witnessing a rapid race to adopt the smart city concept to improve the quality of life and enhance the efficiency of urban service management. However, many cities still face challenges due to deficiencies in their digital infrastructure and the lack of effective platforms and applications, which poses a fundamental problem that hinders the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This research is based on the premise that adopting smart platforms and applications is not merely a technical dimension but represents an essential approach to improving resource and service management, increasing transparency, and accelerating progress. The research aims to highlight the vital role of these platforms and applications by examining the experiences of three leading cities: Barcelona, Singapore, and Dubai. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, leveraging a literature review and global models, and applied ISO 37122 standards to evaluate smart city indicators. An analytical comparison was conducted between the results of the three cities. The findings revealed that these cities prioritized the development of open data platforms and applications in transportation, energy, health, and education, which positively impacted service quality and citizen satisfaction. The research concluded that smart platforms and applications are a cornerstone of smart city success, and achieving a positive impact requires long-term strategic planning. The study recommends increasing investment in digital infrastructure, adopting international evaluation standards, utilizing open-source platforms, and encouraging community participation to ensure the sustainability of smart city projects.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Cities
  topic: keywords
subject: digital infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Information and Communications Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Management Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Ali Abdulfattah
creator: Moheb Kamel Fleyeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Abdulfattah, Moheb Kamel Fleyeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 92
ending page: 106

Measuring Developmental Disparities and Their Impact on Achieving Balanced Spatial Development in the Districts of Baghdad Governorate
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Spatial balance, developmental disparities, Baghdad Governorate districts, spatial analysis, balanced spatial development This study aims to measure the developmental disparities between the districts of Baghdad Governorate and to analyze the impact of balanced spatial development in reducing these gaps. The research relied on a set of service, economic, and social indicators, focusing on analyzing the patterns of resource, service, and infrastructure distribution to identify spatial differences and determine the extent of developmental disparities among the districts according to planning standards for measuring inequality. The study also employed spatial analysis tools according to planning criteria, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and cluster analysis to accurately determine the locations of spatial disparities, as well as employing the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve to measure the equity of service and resource distribution among districts.The results showed a clear concentration of development in some districts, particularly the central ones (Baghdad city), compared to a relative decline in peripheral districts, reinforcing spatial imbalance and deepening social, economic, urban, and environmental disparities. The results specifically reveal disparities in basic services such as potable water, sanitation, waste collection, and electricity, with a clear difference between central and peripheral districts. The study concluded the necessity of adopting fair development policies that ensure equitable resource distribution and encourage investment in marginalized or less developed districts to reduce the disparity gap and achieve balanced spatial development in Baghdad Governorate. Furthermore, the study provides a scientific basis to support future research in spatial planning and the formulation of more equitable development strategies.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spatial balance
  topic: keywords
subject: developmental disparities
  topic: keywords
subject: Baghdad Governorate districts
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: balanced spatial development
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Herez Abdullah
creator: Ammar Khalil Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Herez Abdullah, Ammar Khalil Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 82
ending page: 91

Spatial Development Strategy and Its Role in Promoting Growth in Poor Regions
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Spatial development, economic growth, poor regions, sustainable development, regional planning, natural resources, development balance, improving living standards The study, "Spatial Development Strategy and its Role in Promoting Growth in Poor Regions," examines the case of Al-Mahawil District in Babil Governorate, focusing on natural and human potential, economic indicators, tourism services, and road networks as essential pillars for achieving sustainable spatial development. The natural potential includes the district's distinguished geographical location connecting it to the central and southern governorates, its flat terrain, fertile soil, and the availability of surface water resources in the form of rivers and streams, as well as groundwater of varying salinity. Human potential includes a population of approximately 251,686 in 2023, with variations in population density across administrative units, the dominance of the private sector in the labor market, and diverse settlement patterns between urban and rural areas. In terms of economic indicators, the district is characterized by significant economic activity among productive age groups, relatively low unemployment rates compared to the national average, and a poverty rate lower than the Iraqi average. This reflects the region's ability to achieve greater economic growth when its resources are invested efficiently. The district boasts significant tourism assets, including 178 archaeological sites and a number of religious shrines, in addition to recreational facilities such as rivers, orchards, and parks. These opportunities provide opportunities for the development of archaeological, religious, and recreational tourism. The district also boasts a network of primary, secondary, and rural roads connecting it internally and externally, in addition to a strategic railway line, which enhances transportation efficiency and supports economic and tourism activities.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spatial development
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: poor regions
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: regional planning
  topic: keywords
subject: natural resources
  topic: keywords
subject: development balance
  topic: keywords
subject: improving living standards
  topic: keywords
creator: Yarub Yousif Mohammed
creator: Ammar Khalil Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yarub Yousif Mohammed, Ammar Khalil Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 71
ending page: 81

The Role of Urban Resilience in Enhancing Land Use Efficiency in Urban City Centers, Case Study
type: item
description: Section: Original Research Articles Keywords: Urban resilience, urban land uses, global experiences, urban resilience The rate of urban expansion in many countries worldwide is increasing significantly, causing numerous risks and unexpected changes to cities and urban systems. Consequently, there has been growing attention to designing, planning, and managing cities to address challenges and enhance the capacity of urban systems to survive, adapt, and grow. Urban resilience and the ability to withstand shocks are key factors in this transformation., the concept of “urban resilience and the ability to withstand shocks” has been widely promoted, the research aims to utilize the indicators of urban resilience concepts in urban development strategies to enhance the resilience of cities. The research is based on building a comprehensive theoretical framework through reviewing and studying literature on urban resilience and the ability to withstand shocks, particularly through the perspectives of the United Nations and related organizations that adopt and support urban resilience. It further analyzes some case studies that incorporated the concept of resilience in urban land use planning and management at various levels in an attempt to innovate processes through which urban resilience can be achieved. The study aims to formulate processes that benefit from the indicators applied to the concept of urban resilience to enhance city resilience by integrating the essential aspects of urban resilience into city planning and management. This integration seeks to address challenges, strengthen urban systems’ resilience, and increase their ability to survive, adapt, and grow, regardless of the nature of chronic pressures and severe shocks they may encounter.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: urban land uses
  topic: keywords
subject: global experiences
  topic: keywords
subject: urban resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruqaya Jawad Khamat
creator: Ihsan Sabah Hadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ruqaya Jawad Khamat, Ihsan Sabah Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
starting page: 62
ending page: 70