Journal of planner and development A scientific journal specialized in urban and regional planning sciences, urban planning and structural plans for governorates and everything related to the spatial dimension of infrastructure, in addition to spatial analysis techniques from GIS and GPS and its relationship to mapping in a spatial analysis of economic, administrative, environmental and urban activities. The first issue was published in 1995 and is a quarterly
The urban landscape supporting psychological restoration A case study of the University of Baghdad-
The relationship between humans and nature has been deeply rooted since ancient times, embodying the concept of Biophilia—the innate affinity towards nature. The presence of restorative landscape features and restorative experiences of natural elements offers opportunities for relaxation and recovery from stress. This paper aims to explore the concepts and approaches that enhance the restorative urban landscape and the experience of psychological restoration. It draws on theoretical foundations from the literature to frame the research problem, aligning with attention restoration theory (ART) scales. The study hypothesizes that restorative landscape elements within the built environment can support the experience of psychological restoration. The theoretical framework of restoration is examined based on the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) scales by assessing the experiences of University of Baghdad occupants—including a sample of faculty members and students—through a questionnaire designed to capture user perceptions. The study employs a five-point Likert scale and statistical analysis using SPSS software. The findings indicate the potential of the University of Baghdad’s environment to facilitate psychological restoration, as most respondents reported a strong sense of restoration and mental recovery. Among the restorative landscape preferences, tree-lined pathways at the university's main entrance received the highest rating.
Psychological restoration, landscape architecture design, biophilia and restoration, and restorative experience environments.
The impact of decentralization in reducing the spatial development gap (Social Fund for Development projects) In Babylon Governorate
The research aims to give decentralised planning a more influential role for economic life and social development by enhancing the participation of the local community in the development process and achieving the exploitation of the local population in making development decisions and identifying priorities and needs according to the development gap. The Social Fund for Development is one of the decentralisation methods adopted by the Ministry of Planning through which development projects are prioritised according to the spatial gap with the participation of the local community. The aim is to promote rural settlements and improve the quality of life for the population by reducing the development gap and achieving a spatial balance of development to enhance the stability of rural communities. The research found that spatial decentralisation is critical for prioritising development projects according to the spatial gap of development and enhancing the confidence of local communities, especially in the remote rural settlements of Babylon Governorate. The SFD experience succeeded in prioritising development projects for areas that suffer from a spatial gap but did not meet the requirements of the development process due to low allocations. The study recommended that this experience should be reflected in various development projects that directly affect the population and meet their service needs and life aspirations by using technology to prioritise projects and elect members of community committees.
Development, spatial development gap, decentralisation, social fund
Housing deprivation: A Comparative Analytical Study
Housing deprivation is an important issue that directly affects human well-being and quality of life. Access to adequate housing is a basic necessity, as recognized by many international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Despite this, many families still struggle with inadequate housing conditions, which contributes to widening social and economic disparities. Research Problem: The study addresses the unclear understanding of the causes and factors of housing deprivation. Research Objective: This research aims to assess the levels of housing deprivation and identify the main social, economic, and urban factors that contribute to this issue. To achieve this goal, the study focuses on two neighborhoods in Baghdad: Al-Shu ’la (Neighborhood 454) and Al-Allam (Neighborhood 837). The research is based on the hypothesis that different social, economic, and urban factors influence housing deprivation. These factors can be categorized into severe deprivation (such as the inability to own a home) and moderate deprivation (related to housing conditions and access to basic services). A structured methodology was applied, including a survey-based approach with a questionnaire designed to assess objective and subjective indicators of housing deprivation. Data were analyzed using a Likert scale and Mann-Whitney test to compare levels of deprivation between the two neighborhoods. Key findings: -Severe deprivation: The study found that 54% of households in Al Shu ‘la and 44.8% in Al Allam lacked home ownership. -Housing affordability: In Al Allam, rent constitutes 32% of average monthly income, while in Al Shu ‘la, it constitutes 27%. -Housing price-to-income ratio: Housing costs in Al Allam City are 16.5 times the annual income, while in Al Shu ‘la it is 9.1 times. -Moderate deprivation: In Al Allam: Key challenges include housing maintenance, healthcare, education, recreational services, and access to public transportation. In Al Shu ‘la: The most pressing issues are construction conditions, privacy, overcrowding, waste management, and security concerns. The research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations related to the research objective.
housing deprivation, subjective indicators, objective indicators, Likert scale, Mann-Whitney test.
The impact of high-rise residential towers on urban structure
High-rise residential towers are of interest to investors in modern trends of architectural projects, as they are characterized by their ability to provide residential spaces in cities, especially those characterized by high population densities compared to the area, as high-rise towers combine modern architectural investment trends and planning challenges facing the city. In light of the planning challenges, high-rise residential towers face several challenges as a result of the high population densities in them, the most prominent of which are environmental challenges, as the towers affect the environment and the infrastructure, especially transportation, as interest in developing the infrastructure, especially transportation, is an important and simultaneous axis with planning for residential towers, as it is necessary to provide a transportation network that provides ease of movement and reduces the pressure of residents on the infrastructure in a manner that is consistent with their daily movement to reach workplaces and events. On the other hand, high-rise residential towers require in their planning to find a balanced rhythm between the urban structure and the identity of the place. High-rise residential towers provide investment opportunities if they are carried out according to a well-thought-out urban plan, taking into account the planning challenges associated with the infrastructure and the environment in a manner that ensures the quality of life for residents. In this research, the spotlight was shed on the most prominent international experiences as inspiring models, combining architectural innovation and urban planning for the purpose of achieving the goals of residential towers to benefit from the exploitation of the least area in light of taking into account planning challenges.
High-rise buildings, residential towers, planning challenges for high-rise buildings, investment projects.
The role of groundwater in the development of human settlements in semi- desert areas (Ain Al-Tamr district as a case study)
The research addressed the importance of groundwater in the development and stability of human settlements in semi-arid zones. Ain al-Tamr district in Karbala governorate was chosen as a model for this, as the excessive exploitation of groundwater without sustainable alternatives directly threatens the stability of Ain al-Tamr district, as this source has a significant impact on the stability of the district, in addition to the need for optimal exploitation of groundwater in establishing projects in agricultural, industrial, tourism and domestic activities. The study also recommended the use of new irrigation methods such as pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, and the use of appropriate groundwater management practices in the district and their sustainability to meet the challenges of water scarcity and the sustainability of this vital resource over time. Groundwater must be managed sustainably, because unsustainable reliance on it will directly threaten the social and economic stability of the region. The study also addressed the concept of sustainable development and its goals, in addition to analyzing the most important natural and human factors affecting the establishment and development of human settlements. The study addressed the most important water sources in the district, namely groundwater as the only water source in the district, and ways to exploit it. It also emphasized the importance of raising community awareness to preserve this vital resource, which is the existential reason for the settlements, and improving the use of this water would enhance the stability of the Ain al-Tamr settlements.
Development, Sustainability, Groundwater, Human Settlements
Rural Development Experiences to Improve Rural Settlement in Iraq (1951-2024)
The research primarily targeted Iraqi experiences in rural development to improve rural stability, as rural stability is a pivotal element in the progress of societies. Rural development plays an important role in achieving this stability by raising the standard of living, providing job opportunities, developing basic facilities, and supporting community participation. The research addressed the most prominent impacts of the Iraqi experience in the scope of rural development and rural stability. The research aims to identify the most prominent characteristics of the Iraqi experience and employ them within the framework of rural stability, study and analyze the developments that occurred in rural stability in Iraq during the period (1951-2024), and identify the factors influencing the development of rural stability. The research was based on the hypothesis that the Iraqi experience in achieving rural stability throughout the period (1951-2024) led to fundamental impacts on rural development patterns and the achievement of positive transformation of rural settlements. One of the most important conclusions achieved is the role of development projects and their contribution to rural development of rural settlements and providing them with public social services (health and education) and technical and economic services to serve the agricultural reality, while applying modern methods of water rationing (such as fixed and pivot sprinklers) that support the rural economy. One of the most important recommendations was the need to integrate irrigation projects, housing, and basic services into integrated plans to ensure rural stability and reduce migration.
Development, rural stability, rural development, modern villages, irrigation technologies.
Application of Feng Shui Philosophy and Space Syntax Analysis to Improve the Quality of Urban Spaces A Case Study of Al-Ghazaliya Area in Baghdad
This research studies the impact of Feng Shui principles and place energy on public urban spaces, focusing on analyzing urban spaces in Al-Ghazaliya area in Baghdad city using spatial analysis techniques and DepthmapX 0.8.0 program. The research aims to link the results with the concepts of Feng Shui philosophy to improve the quality of life and enhance social interaction in the urban environment, as the research focuses on understanding the dynamics of the urban network through key indicators such as connectivity, integration, mean depth, and choice, in addition to analyzing the energy impact of these indicators according to the concepts of energy balance in Feng Shui. The research problem is that urban spaces in modern cities, including Al-Ghazaliya area in Baghdad, suffer from weak social interaction and low quality of life due to the design of public spaces that impede the flow of energy "Chi". Accordingly, the research hypothesis was formulated that it is possible to improve the quality of public spaces and increase social interaction in Al-Ghazaliya area in Baghdad by applying spatial analysis techniques and Feng Shui philosophy. Achieving energy balance in urban network design contributes to enhancing the flow of "Chi" energy. Therefore, the research aims at two main aspects: the first is to apply the Feng Shui philosophy to understand the impact of "Chi" energy balance on the quality of life in public spaces, and the second is to analyze urban spaces in Al-Ghazaliya area using space analysis techniques (Space Syntax) to evaluate the efficiency of the urban network. The results showed noticeable differences in the efficiency of the urban network, as some areas enjoy positive energy flow that enhances social interaction, while other areas suffer from energy stagnation due to weak communication and integration and high average depth. The results also emphasized the importance of improving the connection of peripheral areas to vital centers to reduce energy isolation and enhance the balance between different spaces. One of the most prominent conclusions is that integrating space analysis with Feng Shui philosophy is an effective approach to analyzing and improving the design of urban spaces, which contributes to raising the quality of life and enhancing urban sustainability. The most important recommendation reached by the research is the need to improve the design of the urban network by enhancing integration and communication between different spaces, while introducing natural and aesthetic elements such as plants and water bodies to support the flow of "Chi" energy and achieve energy balance.
Feng Shui, Space Syntax, Quality of Urban Spaces, Energy Balance, Social Interaction
Extraction of Water Bodies Maps Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Technique
The extraction of water bodies maps using remote sensing and GIS is a crucial aspect of environmental monitoring and management. Remote sensing technology, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, allows for the collection of data on water bodies from a large spatial scale, while GIS enables the analysis and visualization of this data in a spatial context. This combination of technologies has revolutionized how water bodies are mapped and monitored, providing valuable information for a wide range of applications, including water resource management, environmental impact assessment, and disaster management. By using several techniques, such as unsupervised classification and the water index methods like normalized difference water index and the modified normalized difference water index for the study area for the investigation of the most efficient approach for extracting water body maps, these water bodies have significant impacts on climate dynamics, biodiversity, and human welfare. In this study, we employ two Sentinel-2 satellite pictures to make high-resolution maps of the Darbandikhan Dam lake surface water using remote sensing techniques and GIS with a spatial resolution of 10 meters. for the years 2017 and 2023. After using the methods to extract the area of water bodies and present the results of these methods on field areas, it became clear that the modified normalised difference water index (MNDWI) method is the most accurate in extracting maps for water bodies.
remote sensing; NDWI; water-body; Darbandikhan Dam Lake.
The impact of the green belt in obstruction air pollutants in the holy city of Karbala
The research was conducted in the Southern Green Belt Project within the center district of the holy city of Karbala to evaluate its environmental impact and efficiency in reducing air pollutants emitted from the industrial area adjacent to the study area. The pollution attenuation factor (Af ) was used to measure the effects of the green belt on impeding air pollutants. Measurements were taken every season from winter 2023 to Autumn 2024. The results showed that the best impedance of the green belt is when the wind speed increases in the Spring, as 7 out of 12 pollutants were impeded, and its efficiency decreased as the wind speed decreased. In general, The green belt demonstrated weak performance in impeding pollutants, As no significant differences were observed in pollutant concentrations due to the small width of the green belt, poor distribution of trees, and failure to follow scientific standards when selecting trees and planting sites. The study recommended increasing the width of the belt to 1000 meters and planting trees suitable for absorbing and blocking pollutants, and planting them in a way that helps curb air currents passing through the green belt.The research proposes to evaluate the efficiency of the Southern Green Belt Project implemented in Karbala Governorate and its role in obstructing some air pollutants and its effectiveness in improving the environmental reality of the center district.
Green belt, disability factor, Karbala city, Air pollution.
Humanizing Cities as a Tool to Enhance Community Participation
This research investigates the concept of humanizing cities as a key approach to fostering community engagement and enhancing the quality of life in urban settings, with Bismayah City in Iraq serving as a case research. The research addresses a core issue: the deficiency in social interaction and the lack of integration between infrastructure and community activities. It posits that applying the principles of humanizing cities can promote social cohesion and advance sustainable development.The study employed a comprehensive analytical methodology, including a review of theoretical literature, field data analysis, and comparisons with global experiences. It tackled challenges such as the shortage of green spaces, limited reliance on renewable energy sources, and insufficient integration between public transportation and infrastructure.The findings highlighted the importance of developing public spaces, promoting cultural activities, and implementing sustainable environmental solutions.The research provides practical recommendations, including activating public participation in decision-making, enhancing the sustainability of infrastructure, and improving the integration of various urban planning components. It provides a theoretical and practical framework that can be applied to similar projects in local and international contexts.
Humanizing Cities, Urban Planning, Sustainable Development, Community Participation, Bismayah City, Quality of Life
Digital-Computational Design in Architecture and Urban Design
The Digital-computational design, considered as an evolution of the concept of computer-aided design (CAD), has witnessed remarkable development since its emergence in the 1960s. This development has improved the ability to explore complex design concepts and enhanced accuracy and creative freedom. Over time, digital-computational design has come to include multiple fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and mathematics, which has led to the application of its methods to architectural and urban design. The integration of digital design tools into architecture and urban design is the result of a long development process. The research here attempted to study the concepts of digital and computational in architecture and urban design, with an attempt to resolve the overlap between these two concepts and the concepts associated with them and their connection with architecture and urban design, with a study of the transformation in architectural theory towards digital-computational design and an attempt to trace the emergence of the concept historically by analyzing the stages in terms of the tool, thought and accompanying product by following an analytical methodology and critical review of various sources and a case study for good practice in Digital -Computational Architecture. The research concludes that we can distinguish two approaches to using the computer in architecture and urban design: first, those that use the computer as a tool to implement a certain idea is a digital technology, while second, those that use the computer to use its computational capabilities through the activities of deduction, induction, and abstraction to form a certain idea is a digital-computational process. Therefore, it is necessary to use the term digital-computational design and digital-computational architecture to indicate the future approach to architecture and urban design, which means using the computer and its computational capabilities as essential tools in the design process.
Computational-Digital Design, Computer-aided Architectural Design (CAAD), Post-Folding, Post-Guggenheim, Research by Design
Stages development and updating of the master plan for the city of Baghdad by adopting spatial techniques
The master plan is a comprehensive plan works to organize the social and economic variables in the city, in addition to zoning and organizing the uses of the land for the next (20) - (30) years, which is the documentary and visual result of the planning process. The most prominent problems in the research are that the basic plans prepared for the city of Baghdad suffer from official and unofficial changes taking place in the uses of the land, especially the proposed development plan until 2030 updated by Khatib and Alami Company, contrary to what is stipulated in these plans, which may hinder the process of implementing these plans in the future. In order to reach the goal of the research, identifying the development of the city of Baghdad according to the basic plans and the changes that occur over time in the uses of the land contrary to what was planned. Under the assumption that the changes that occur in the uses of the land brought about by the basic plan lead to obstructing the implementation of this plan in the future. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to review the foundation plans since the first foundation plan in 1936, 1956, 1959, and 1973, for the city of Baghdad, all the way to the latest foundation plan produced by Khatib and Alami Company until the year (2030), using spatial techniques to identify the development of the foundation plans through Remote sensing of satellite images (and geographic information systems (G.I.S.)) and map production, for changes in informal and official land uses by the decision of the Supreme Committee for Foundation Design, which affect the proposals of the foundation plan. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are the changes that occurred (no matter how private they are from the general public or General by the state (not scientifically studied and does not have a comprehensive view of all uses, so such changes cause an imbalance in land uses and affect the implementation of the basic plans of the city, and led to the recommendation to increase the spaces allocated to green areas and recreational activities Through the following measures, it is necessary to stop changing the use of green areas to residential use.
Baghdad city , land uses, master plan, remote sensing , G.I.S
Urban Strategic Planning issues in light of rapid growth and Fast Urbanization in Lebanon
Governance in emerging cities struggles in meeting people's expectations and requirements. Most international reports highlight the problem of service provision, guarantee and long-term sustainability. As cities and towns grow swiftly and irrevocably, they encounter resource and capacity constraints in managing the urbanization process. The experiences and strategic urban development plans in Lebanon have failed to meet the needs of people in the short and long term, which has prevented it from keeping pace with international developments and strategic planning approaches that are in line with the aspirations of any country. It has become necessary to identify obstacles to strategic planning that prevent significant progress in key areas. In addition to focusing on how to improve performance in order to get the desired results. This paper will discuss these complexities that contribute to the development of a comprehensive and participatory plan that effectively contributes to the management of urban growth and population expansion and securing the requirements of a decent sustainable living.
Governance – Urban Sprawl – Urbanization – Infrastructure – Urban Strategic planning
The level of spatial justice in the distribution of social services for the Regional Development Program in Wasit province for the period (2011-2022)
This study aimed to evaluate the level of spatial justice in the distribution of social services for the Regional Development Program in Wasit Province 2011-2022 through the spatial distribution of the health and education sectors. In addition to the relationship between the allocations of the Regional Development Program and the elements of the service gap, population, area, and available agricultural potential. The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve were used to measure the variation in the optimal distribution of services and represent it spatially using geographic information systems (GIS). The study revealed the clarity of decision-makers' reliance on the population factor in determining the size of investment allocations within the regional development program between the administrative units of the governorate. As for the division of allocations between service sectors within each administrative unit, it was not subject to a specific mechanism. In addition to weakness in considering service gaps, area, and agricultural potential when determining financial allocations. Therefore, a discrepancy emerged in the distribution of investment allocations, which was reflected in social services and the emergence of weakness in achieving spatial justice among the administrative units of Wasit Province.
Accuracy Evaluation of Land Cover Classification Maps Using Remote Sensing and GIS. The Sea of Najaf-Iraq as a Case Study
Water scarcity is a growing concern, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Sea of Najaf in Iraq is one such region facing water scarcity, with the lake serving as a crucial water source for the local population. Remote sensing systems "RS" and geographic information systems "GIS" are important techniques for monitoring environmental and land cover changes. This paper focuses on Sentinel-2B imagery for surface water mapping in the Sea of Najaf and evaluating the performance of maximum likelihood (MLC) classification method. The study area encompasses Sea of Najaf and its immediate surroundings. Two images for Sentinel-2B one image on December,29, 2015 and December,29,2022, were used for training and validating the classification models. The MLC method was evaluated for surface water classification, with accuracy assessment results presented. The MLC method showed high accuracy in terms of overall accuracy and agreement with reference data over multiple years. Additionally, fluctuations in the surface area of Sea of Najaf, as observed from the classification maps, were analyzed. In 2015, the surface area was 74.36 square kilometers, which increased to 120.30 square kilometers in 2022. The fin, dings highlight the efficacy of the MLC method for surface water classification, indicating its superiority in accurately mapping and monitoring surface water in the Sea of Najaf.
Surface water, Sea of Najaf, RS, GIS, Sentinel-2B, MLC
The effect of the spatial dimension on the creation of administrative units
The quality of human settlements varies depending on the regions, and they differ in their spatial characteristics in terms of their area, development potential, and natural resources, as well as the number of people living in them, as these characteristics differ from one place to another, from one region to another, and between urban and rural areas. There is a big difference between the level of capabilities, job opportunities, social services and infrastructure that qualifies it to create a stable and suitable place for living. It seeks to achieve spatial equality among its residents and provide job opportunities for them on the basis of the development resources and capabilities available in that region without depleting its capabilities and resources and in a way that achieves sustainability across generations through... Raise the economic and social level of its population. The establishment of administrative units must be in the light of measuring the spatial characteristics and indicators that fall on the planning tasks with the aim of reducing the gaps between the district and the district and studying the available resources that make a newly established administrative unit that raises the desired economic and social levels and meets the needs of the population within the spatial space, making it an administrative unit. Independent and capable of managing its tasks and resources optimally in proportion to the location and size of the population.
Region, Spatial Development, Spatial Dimension, the stables, regional planning.
استخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS في تحديد كفاءة التوزيع المكاني للخدمات التعليمية في مدينة الناصرية
The educational services of the most important community events because of their significant impact in the life of the city and the community, as it represents the foundation on which are based upon the city in the development of civilization and Social Council through its role in the development of the scientific and cultural life of society, as the schools and different levels represent a base for education of the actor and excellence scientific and enable citizens to gain knowledge about contemporary issues such as sustainable development and affairs of life, and contribute to educational institutions to instill noble values ​​in society and building its capacity to be effective in an integrated framework of sustainable educational development and contribute to the recovery of social and economic life and health. And thus to be interest in good planning for land use in general, and educational services, in particular, and secure it according to the criteria adopted, in order to achieve maximum benefit from the lowest possible cost and effort. So interested in research to study and analyze the efficiency of the spatial distribution of educational services in the city of Nasiriyah, the adoption of GIS to identify kinks in the distribution, and how to address the basis of the planning standards, and the statement Malinzm geographical information from important and effective role in the study of urban planning and spatial distribution of appropriate educational institutions. And address the practical side of the reality of the spatial distribution of educational institutions in the city of Nasiriyah statement and the case of spatial imbalance in most sectors of the city. And adoption of standards affected both the distance access and population density in the analysis of the signing spatial educational services in the city, and the study of those standards and research found to suggest suitable locations within the sectors of the city of Nasiriyah to address the imbalance based on the distance to arrive later identified using geographic information systems GIS.
قياس العدالة في التوزيع المكاني للاستثمارات التنموية لبرنامج تنمية الأقاليم في محافظة واسط
In order to evaluate the range of achieving justice in spatial distribution for the investment of the Regions development program in wasit province. The research depends on the quantitative analysis by using (Gini coefficient) and (Lorenz curve). To measure the disparity and the optimal allocation of investments through the comparison between the percentage of allocation investment development programs province in the basic service sectors (municipal, sewage, water .roads and education) and between the three components of (population, area and level and disability) in the provision of service. The most important findings of the research are the adoption of local authorities on the specific Factors such as population (the municipal sector, sewage, urban water) and urban land area in the program years 2006 – 2011. While research has shown a lack of interest by authorities of the two factor –rural land in the road sectors and rural water and the disability the provision of service in the (ruler water sector, roods and municipalities), which reflected in the variation of justice in determine the amount of investment allocutions between Qadhas and Nahia of the wasit province.
"An Analytical Study for Urban Gentrification on Local Urban Centers"
The urban Gentrification is an inclusive global phenomenon to restructure the cities on the overall levels, the research to propose a specific study about the concept of urban Gentrification in the cities and showcasing its, specifications, and results, and how to deal with the variables that occur on cities through improvements as part of urban renewal projects, then the general axis of the research is shrinked, choosing the urban centers as the most important areas that deal with the urban Gentrification process due to its direct connection with indivisuals and social changes, and to process the specific axis of the research theses and studies will be showcased that discuss the topic in different research directions, and emerged the research problem in “Lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the importance of urban Gentrification in developing the urban city centers in general and the speciality of local needs specifically” and the research goal based on that is “Studying and clarifying the urban Gentrification as an integrated process in developing the urban city centers generally and reviving its neighborhoods specifically”, and building a theortical inclusive frame regarding the urban Gentrification concept in urban centers as an integrated process that includes a group of levels, specifications, and mechanisms, the research bases its goals and processing the research problem to a main hypothesis, that is “The urban Gentrification process in urban centers is achieved by achieving its Diffrents Levels, Economic, social, environmental and cultural.” For the purpose of checking the authenticity of the hypothesis the urban center of Al-Battaween have been elected and tested using the method of surveys given to sample of elected people (specialized in the field) and then the positive effects of the urban Gentrification process were detected, and how it effects on a group of visual features and urban activities within the urban centers specifically and within the city in general.
Urban Gentrification,Urban City Centers,Urban Renewal,Activating residential centers.
"تأثير استعمالات الأرض الحضرية في البنية الاجتماعية للمدن"" منطقة الدراسة: قضاء الصدر/2 في مدينة الصدر"
The concept of research represented in explain the importance and effect of the urban land use planning for the cities on the nature of social structure for the communities of these cities . After study both of urban land use planning and how it effects on the social structure , we determined a number of important indicators and applied them on the study area (Al-Sadder district /2) and , it has been clear , how the urban land use planning of study area effects on the social interaction between its residents . and how that caused in a spatial relationships that become deeper by time , and acquires them their social characteristics which will determine their cultural and social identity , and this make the planning be better and the urban life more suitable .
Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of The Green Area in Diwaniyah City by using geographic information systems (Case study: The Second District)
the success of any city and integration of function in fulfilling its various functions which primarily depend on the efficiency of the Spatial Distribution of The Green Area. By the efficiency of the Spatial Distribution of The Green Area will send the service for all people that lived in the city. Cities in the developed countries had long realized the crucial importance of parks as a major arenue for relaxation , education , and entertainment ; in addition to their benefits as Environmentally. The all Kinds of green area should be placed among the primary goals of city planning and a major coneern in urban design . The Green Area are also a primary tool for the beautification of city landscape, And so the research has focused on describing the existing of the Spatial Distribution Of The Green Area in the study area (The Second District) , and efficiency of its by use the standards urban planning, standars ( area &amp; accessibility ),evaluation the efficiency from knowing the density and problems as existing , and analyized the service of the grean area in the Diwaniyah city . Therefore this research goes to describe and analyze the Spatial Distribution Of The Green Area in the study area (The Second District) Which is represent by the green area where the planning and the completion , based on the field study for the Second District(quarter $ district )grade ,The study took two lines: First: concern with study existing the Spatial Distribution of the Green Area including the all kind of green area where the planning and the completion. and service is represented by analysis of the results of the field study of the green area in study area that present by the efficiency the existing of the Spatial Distribution Of The Green Area by using standards of the urban planning( area standard &amp; accessibility standard) , and analyized the service zone for the green area planning and completion , so the analysis of the practical have percent of areas of the green area which the planning and the completionand the area must require, and percent of the service compact zone based up on the accessibility standard for the levels ( nieybourhood ,quarter , district ). So based upon the extracted Indicators from Evaluating the Efficiency of the Spatial Distribution of The Green Area by using the geographic information system (GIS) and using the standards that previous defined, there are the Efficiency of the Spatial Distribution of The Green Area aren’t Efficiency and needed to replanning The study ends up by stating the desired strategies for the urban Planning processes the Efficiency Spatial Distribution of The Green Area for increasing the Efficiency of service of the green area in Diwaniyah City, for spetialy study area (The Second District)
Acceptable and Unacceptable Growth of Industrial Agglomeration in Urban Environment. Baghdad as Case Study.
Recent empirical studies of agglomeration economies indicate that economic, social and physical policies are the driving forces affecting spatial distribution of urban environment. Industrial agglomeration is influenced by agglomeration growth and spatial concentration and localization and Physical economics has a strong effect on increasing workers in the manufacturing sector. This paper will be focus in the effect of industrial growth spatially on industrial concentration to determine the trend and size of industrial localization. Census data for industrial employment are used in Location Quotient and Employment Multiplier Analysis. The findings indicate that concentration indicators for two types of industries, basic and non-basic industries in Baghdad are divided in four levels. The first, basic industries are concentrated and recorded an increase in concentration and an acceptable growth in employment. The second, basic industries recorded a decrease in concentration and an acceptable growth employment. The third, non-basic industries recorded an increase in concentration and an acceptable growth in employment. The fourth, non-basic industries are non-concentrated and recorded a decrease in concentration and an unacceptable growth in employment
Agglomeration growth,Industrial concentration,Agglomeration Multiplier,Employment Multiplier
The syntactical analysis of urban structure using space syntax theory New Zanko's Village/Erbil/Iraq
The purpose of this study is firstly; to find the urban configuration of new residential project (Zanko's Village) in Erbil city, to examine the efficiency of the urban spaces design at the local and global level by using space syntax theory (Depth Map 10),that gives for planner clear understanding for the whole systemby determining two type of spaces had been defined by Bill Hillier as integrated and segregated spaces. The main goal is to determine the most integrated and segregated spaces which enables planner to choice the best location for urban activities, from other hand to examine the intelligibility of the system where the intelligibility is an attribute to make place more cognizable for city's dweller and enables to move through the city easily to reach the destination point. The research problem represents about confusing in disposition of urban activities, from other hand the accessibility of activities depends on intelligibility of the system, therefore space syntax considers an active tool to discover the spatial structure of the city and to give different categorize of urban spaces. The hypotheses of the research: 1- The relationships between urban spaces, locally and globally have been influenced by the spatial patterns of the city. 2- The gridiron plan achieves a high degree of intelligibility. To attain research goals, and examine research hypotheses will be adopted the following methodology: - Analytical-descriptive method to establish a theoretical base to understand the urban structure including the main concepts and definitions. - Mathematical method to establish quantitative base to measure space syntax parameters, and to reach the intelligibility of the system by the correlation between variables. Finally the research submits a set of conclusions concerns to the syntactical analysis of study area, and other quantitative measures to understand city structure. Keyword:Syntactical analysis, urban structure, space Syntax, Alfa analysis, spatial configuration.
Space Syntax,Syntactical analysis,urban structure,Alfa analysis,spatial configuration.
The majority of countries in the world suffer from rapid urbanization, which is associated with many problems as a result of the absence of integrated regional policies of development. One of the most important solutions is urban sprawl, a decentralization way to overcome the effects and problems of rapid urbanization. Hence the research problem in the lack of clarity of urban sprawl policies to solve the problem of overcrowding and overpopulation. The objective of the research is to determine the urban sprawl policies to solve the problem of overcrowding and overpopulation, the research hypothesis is that urban sprawl policies actively contribute to solving congestion and overpopulation problems. The research has come to define these policies and analyze an experience for each of them extracting the elements of success or the reasons for its failure to come up with the useful results in the success of those policies in solving the problem of overcrowding and overpopulation.
Decentralization,Sprawl,new towns,smart growth,suburbs
اثر المعلوماتية في تخطيط الموارد البشرية
The informatics mainstay depend on the activities of the organization and administrative functions where , as well as the widening of knowledge in the late twentieth century in all areas of life that have left new directions represented by globalization and the emergence of the so-called revolution of information and the information society in the context of these trends , we find that more organizations in the Horn of being taken it upon themselves to leave the traditional frameworks familiar in planning activities and orientation methods and techniques are modern and sophisticated systems , and based on the above approach of this research to study (The impact of information technology in human resource planning ) An Empirical Study in a number of colleges and institutes of the technical education in the province of Baghdad , the study included two parts included the first part theoretical framework to keep the study variables and the second part included the analytical framework of hypotheses have been building model Default determines the nature of the relations between the independent variables and the dependent variable adopted emerged from the premise of the President that notes that the use of computers in the field of human resources are still limited to the collection transactions , registration and preparation of lists of data , and did not move after the analysis , interpretation and reporting management and strategy, has been tested through means and methods of statistical data that have been collected for some colleges and institutes of the technical education in the province of Baghdad, has been used descriptive method of analysis based on the methods and statistical tools (such as spss ) The study concluded this set of recommendations and conclusions that show the relationship between the dimensions of the study variables .
Economic empowerment of rural women and her role in sustainable development
This study aimed at identifying the level of social empowerment of rural women in the sustainable development in each one of main fields : the ability to change the standard of living and raise the level of the econocomy , discretion in income , the opinion for women work ,the economic independence and self-reliance , the ability to manage their own prajects and decision making productivity , the economice awareness , the competitivens in the labor market , get aloan and the bank facilities . And to identifying the relationship between the percisonality , social , economic variables and the level of economic empowerment of rural women and her role in sustainable development . and to determine the relative contribution of most important varibles in explaining the variance in the level of social empowerment of rural women. The study was conducted in six secters of the rural areas of Baghdad governorat by sleeting one agricultural division representing each seactor them arandum sample from the rural women was selected from these agricultural division the total sample of the study was 270 respondents , the data were collected by personal interview questioning and the statistical program used astatistical package for social science , it analyzes the collected data and the following statistical methods were used : person simple correlation coefficient , stepwise analysis , frequencies and percentages , chi square. The following represent the most important result of the research -focused the majority of respondents were in the high class and the percentage of the field: the ability to change the standard of living and raise the level of the econocom were 70.3% while the field, discretion in income in the high class and the percentage were 53.3% , while the field, the opinion for women work , in the middle class and the percentage 48.8% . the field the economic independence and self reliance economic in the high class and the percentage 43.3% , while the field the ability to manage their own prajects and decision making productivity , in the middle class and the percentage56.3% , the field economice awareness in the middle class and the percentage 45.2% , the filed , the competitivens in the labor market in the middle class and the percentage 47.7% finaly the field, get aloan and the bank facilities in the low class and the percentage51.4% . The result showed that there were amoral positive correlation between the economice empowerment level of the rural women and the following research variables : social status , educational level , dependency , agricultural possessioin, cultural openness attitudes towards modernization ,the special skills and abilities , womens self awareness in the society, the informal social participation. there were four independent variabies explains the variance in the economice empowerment level of rural women in sustainabale development which are : womens self awareness in the society , the informal social participation , cultural openness attitudes towards modernization , the special skills and abilities.
The use of treatment wastewater in the desert land culture in AL-Ramadi City
Field study was done to examine and test the suitability of the wastewater and the possibilityof use it as irrigation water in the desert land culture in Al-Ramadi city, thus reducing pollution in the waters of the Euphrates River output the result to be presented to the river directly and without treatment . Samples of wastewater were selected from three cities in the governorate which were Ramadi , Falluja and population compound in the Ameriat al Falluja , the water samples were teasting for chemical elements , then determine the suitability of these waters, according to national standards of the determinants of the protection of rivers from pollution to be used like water irrigation of agricultural land, through the knowledge of the effect of toxic accumulated these elements , and thus determine the appropriate treatment methods for the disposal of environmental pollution that arises through the water discharged into the river, where the recommendation was given the possibility to take advantage of the resulting treated water to irrigate them and the sustainability of desert land by comparing it with the national standards for each area
Transportation network could be considered as a function of the developmental level of the Iraq, that it is representing the sensitive nerve of the economic activity and the corner stone for the implementation of development plans and developing the spatial structure. The main theme of this search is to show the characteristics of the regional transportation network in Iraq and to determine the most important effective spatial characteristics and the dimension of that effect negatively or positively. Further this search tries to draw an imagination for the connection between network as a spatial phenomenon and the surrounded natural and human variables within the spatial structure. This search aiming also to determine the nature of the regional transportation of Iraq, how it has been developed, what are its characteristics, types, and patterns that have been came from the spatial differentiation in the region to evaluate it spatially and as an indicator for the socio-economic development in the study area(Iraq(
التاثيرات البيئية للمنطقة الصناعية في المدن
ABSTRACT Studying the positive and negative effects resulted from the industrial projects and laying down the comprehensive planning bases to the urban development projects which insure retaining the social, economic and environmental development, taking in to consternation the time factor within the planning process which is considered the most important factor that determine the extent of the efficient selection to the site and not interpenetrate in the industrial activities and efficiency and calculating its future expansions away from the residential areas. It is more favorable to plan the industrial areas of apparent pollution outside the bounds of the basic plan to limit the negative effects on the environment and providing the modern technology and the necessary techniques to treat the harmful outputs and providing a control station to the pollutions in every industrial area which would limit the appearance of the environment problems which represent the most important outcomes of the developing process and consequently determining the well being of the people of that concerned area with the development process
ملامح المدينة المعاصرة و مفهوم المحلة السكنية
The research target is to Know the extent influence of the neighborhood planning and architectural concept on the cities. as the importance of the residential areas represent 40-60% from the cities areas gives, The neighborhood planning concepts their important and their effects on the type of the urban physical pattern mode formation The formation of the residential areas correlated organically with physical structure and geographical environment which grow organically parallel to the city expansion and population increase. The residential neighborhood development influenced by social, economical and cultural environment of the cities according to the special and time which defined it's concept. Also the research acquainted with influence of the developments which draw main features of the physical structure of the cities throw the era because each period has it's filled with delineated contents and it's functional, diminutions, formation The research attempt on the factors which developed the concept of the neighborhoods influenced the type of the constructional formation and architectural features of the cities according to the changes in the concept. The research contrite on the organically correlated between the city and neighborhoods which participated on drawing special clear features for the city appearing it's privacy specially it's special characteristics for it's special and it's periods.